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</html>";s:4:"text";s:39160:"The coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked,[citation needed] and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. November 29th, 2024: Holograms are officially sold in the civilian market, immobile versions being installed in public buildings, and handheld holograms being used mostly by the upper-class. The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE: So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends? The US 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces. To many, the answer is unequivocally “yes.” After all, the United States rallied the Precision stand-off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day. Several tank battles took place, but otherwise coalition troops encountered minimal resistance, as most Iraqi troops surrendered. Brigadier Peter Young (New York: Pharos Books, 1981), p. 347, states in its chronology for May 8, ³The British and Americans celebrate VE Day (Victory in Europe Day). The war's coverage was new in its immediacy. Temporally, the Gulf War is closer to the fall of Saigon than it is to us today. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. [146] On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire, but the enemy forces managed to escape. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. 12,000 captured [249] Flight surgeon (later General) Rhonda Cornum was sexually assaulted by one of her captors[250] after the Black Hawk helicopter in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed F-16 pilot. Found inside – Page 489When did the ground war begin? ... How long did it take to liberate Kuwait City? ... and would become much more evident during the Second Gulf War. ... decade-long … 22 July: Iraq begins deploying troops to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border, creating a massive military buildup. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends. 21 April: General Schwarzkopf returns to the U.S. May: Bush extends pre-war economic sanctions "until Saddam Hussein is out of power". As of today, June 7, 2010, the war in Afghanistan has lasted 104 months, surpassing Vietnam as the longest war in American history. The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait's invasion. The federal debt increased from 62% of the GDP in 2007 before the recession to over 100% in 2013, five years after the supposed end of the recession. In the largest call up of women since World War II, over 24,000 women served in the Persian Gulf War, beginning in 1990. The war started in the month of August 1990 and lasted till February 28, 1991. The ODI factored in elements of "cost" which included oil imports, remittance flows, re-settlement costs, loss of export earnings and tourism. Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces. [101], A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 39 countries: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. [197] A report commissioned by the US Air Force estimated 10,000–12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war. [90][91][92] France dropped this proposal when it found "no tangible sign of interest" from Baghdad.[93]. Leading up to the War From 1980 to 1988, Iraq had been at war with Iran. The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque pp.163, Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations, Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the US Marines by Chenoweth p.408, Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division by Russ & Susan Bryant P.85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMakiyaNew_York_Review_of_Books1991 (, 23 June 1991, Washington Post, Bart Gellman, "The View From France: America's Unyielding Policy toward Iraq,". The Oil Crisis Recession: (November 1973–March 1975) Duration: 16 months 13 . [47] Saudi-backed development projects were hampered by Iraq's large debts, even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers. The Empire of Ghana was conquered by the Muslims, who established the Empire of Mali. Gulf War. The US force destroyed military hardware and took prisoners, while suffering no casualties. How Long Does The Pain Last After Gallbladder Surgery? The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, continuing for five weeks. [citation needed], Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city. Egypt received approximately $7 billion in debt forgiveness for its providing of support and troops for the US-led intervention. By 1988, at the end of the Iran–Iraq war, the Iraqi Army was the world's fourth largest army, consisting of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army. A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries, followed by a Kuwaiti-Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation, although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected. The Revolutionary War began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen united former British colonies on the North American continent, and ended in a global war between several European great powers. Gulf War Syndrome is a collection of potentially debilitating symptoms that may be present in many veterans of the 1990s Gulf War. [citation needed], The next day, 7 September, he did just that, and the Emir of Kuwait, displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country, easily agreed. A crisis has erupted between Iran and Western countries - in particular the UK and US - after a series of incidents in and around the Gulf, a strategically important waterway in the Middle East. We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. American forces invaded Afghanistan in … Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces. In addition to the attacks on Israel, 47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia, and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar. [115], US President Bush repeatedly compared Saddam Hussein to Hitler.[116]. International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group. The first Gulf War was a defining moment for CNN. [157] The 1st Infantry Division cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas. [82], On 12 August 1990, Saddam "propose[d] that all cases of occupation, and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation, in the region, be resolved simultaneously". [125][126], The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective, as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload. Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60–300 dead and 400 captured. [104], Although they did not contribute any forces, Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively. Prior to the war's start, in the aftermath of the failed US–Iraq peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, a reporter asked Iraq's English-speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz: "Mr. Foreign Minister, if war starts ... will you attack?" [127] Approximately 230 Israelis were injured. The timeline of the Gulf War details the dates of the major events of the 1990–1991 war. This initial book presents findings on the most critical challenges, and lays out the blueprint for the second phase of the study to determine how best to meet the needs of returning troops and their families. How long did the Gulf War last? The 101st Airborne Division conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory. Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons' accuracy. [157] The two divisions also began capturing prisoners. On the 25th, Saddam met with April Glaspie, the US Ambassador to Iraq, in Baghdad. 16 January: Coalition forces led by the U.S. start deploying to Kuwait via the Persian Gulf and the Saudi Arabian border, triggering the first official infantry combat. January 17, 1991. One old Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress, an enduring symbol from another war and ensuing catastrophe of a different era. This relic of a not so distant past is named 'The Uvalde Raider, ' and this is its story. For Egypt, the cost totaled $1 billion, 3% of GDP. Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground-fired weapons. Nevertheless, some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. 19 November: Iraq sends about 200,000 more troops to Kuwait. [133][134] After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would. [235] In his book The Wars Against Saddam, John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident. Found inside – Page 263By then , Gulf War I - officially , Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm - had ended and was adding approximately 400,000 new veterans into the VA ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran. On the NBC Nightly News, correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. [262], The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces. Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military. 1961. The first stop was Saudi Arabia, which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities. [159] The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex. 10 November: Iraq recognizes Kuwaiti independence and acknowledge their shared border. US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War. Found inside – Page 483Their meeting did not last long , about one hour ; and when the proceedings were over the war had ended . The Gulf War officially concluded on April 11 ... The US government refused to release its own study of the effects of the Iraqi public health crisis. Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. When the telephones of all the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing, CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting. Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory, and captured their objective within three hours. On the ground, special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq, tasked with locating and destroying Scuds - including the ill-fated Bravo Two Zero patrol of the SAS. The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. [75] The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan – a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support[76] – opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. Found insideArgues that the failure of the United States to create successful peace settlements when ending the major wars of the twentieth century has only led to subsequent conflicts and new wars which attempt to resolve the issues of the previous ... How did the Gulf War start? The US Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport. One of the West's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia. Incorporating the latest scholarship, William Thomas Allison provides a concise overview of the origins, key events and legacy of the first Gulf War, as well as the major issues and debates. CMH Publication 70-30. Edited by Frank N. Schubert and TheresaL. Kraus. Discusses the United States Army's role in the Persian Gulf War from August 1990 to February 1991. They were the last large band in Texas. It is believed during the reign of Saddam Hussain that months before the invasion; Special Air Service had intercepted and mingled with locals, commonly disguising themselves as 'arabs' whilst infiltrating the community, and often working in garages or bikeshops so as not to compromise themselves to enemy. [164] The US 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place. [195], According to Kanan Makiya, "For the Iraqi people, the cost of enforcing the will of the United Nations has been grotesque. The ground campaign consisted of three or possibly four of the largest tank battles in American military history. In reality, the Iraqi Army did commit various well-documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait, such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers, after which their bodies were stacked and left to decay in a public street. Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway. This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International, which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony. It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment, One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations, while Two Zero remained, and was later compromised, with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria. [204] A figure was supported by Israeli sources who speak of "one to two hundred thousand Iraqi casualties." The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective, but its psychological value for the affected populations was high.[132]. The Gulf War officially ended 27 years ago in February. [103] US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area. Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment,[245] USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegedly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War. Found insideWebb's classic history of the Texas Rangers has been popular ever since its first publication in 1935. This edition is a reproduction of the original Houghton Mifflin edition. "[39], With Iraq's newfound success in the war, and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July, arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982. [230] These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft, resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris—the Highway of Death. Again, 1993 approx the west intereviend with Saddam Hussains plot on an oppressive domination of both his own country and fellow countrymen, the oppressive parties being I believe the shia-muslim community.. The Gulf War started on August 2nd in the year 1990 and officially finished on February 28th 1991, although the conflict carried on for another four years thereafter. At the conference, Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure. The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens. For Gulf War Veterans, VA presumes that unexplained symptoms are related to Gulf War service if a Veteran has experienced them for The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with warheads containing chemical weapons. I don't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties, and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the (1991) conflict, for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families, it wasn't a cheap war. For its authoritative and close-up look at the life and work of a world-class battleship, and for its insight into the history of twentieth-century naval warfare, this strikingly illustrated book is one that no naval enthusiast or military ... Apart from the impact on Arab States of the Persian Gulf, the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states. After the war, Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran. The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets. [82] Also, when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Switzerland, for last minute peace talks in early 1991, Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves. [252] Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia". Two BBC journalists, John Simpson and Bob Simpson (no relation), defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war's progress. They encountered trenches, barbed wire, and minefields. Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs. [149] The 1st Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process. [99], After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle-Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union, Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad. "The Gulf War was the most toxic war our troops ever fought in, bar none.". It also was one with the fewest casualties -- at least initially. Out of 700,000 military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf during the war, fewer than 500 died from all causes. Since the war's end, 6,500 have died of all causes. Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East. Daniel Hale was an Air Force intelligence analyst who hated American empire, found Edward Snowden too compromising, and taught us almost everything we know about the drone war… A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions: Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis, the distribution of assistance was highly selective.[267]. [149] Also on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. During this period, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel in an attempt to provoke a coalition-jeopardizing Israeli response, which failed to materialize. [94], Acting on the Carter Doctrine policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, under the codename Operation Desert Shield. Approximately 6 years over-all. On 25 February 1991, a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment, out of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, stationed in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100.[137]. [98], To ensure that the US received economic backing, James Baker went on an 11-day journey to nine countries in September 1990, which the press dubbed "The Tin Cup Trip". The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991. World War II (WWII) was a long and bloody war that lasted about six years. How Do I Remove Crayon And Stickers From My Wardrobe? [197][198][199] Daponte later raised her estimate of the number of Iraqi deaths caused directly and indirectly by the Gulf War to between 142,500 and 206,000.[200]. [161] The Task Force also captured a brigade commander, several battalion commanders, company commanders, and staff officers. [108], Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq's history of human rights abuses under Saddam. British Army regiments (mainly with the 1st Armoured Division), Royal Air Force, Naval Air Squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf. In their co-written 1998 book, A World Transformed, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it. The ground war officially concluded with the signing of the armistice on 11 April 1991. Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out. and RFA ships were also deployed. [152] This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B-52 bombers and Lockheed AC-130 fixed wing gunships. For VA benefit purposes, Gulf War service is active military duty in any of the following areas in the Southwest Asia theater of military operations at any time August 2, 1990 to present. [180], Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War. The war had last about 6 years. Still, the machine’s 189-year reign only officially came to an end in September 1981, when France abolished capital punishment for good. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. Wars & Conflicts. Some authors have called it the Second Gulf War to distinguish it from the Iran–Iraq War. Later that day, President Bush ordered a cease-fire and the Persian Gulf War essentially ended for the marines. The Gulf War, codenamed Desert Storm, ended on … This, the first volume in the Project 1946 series, is provided in the hope that it will improve our understanding of Middle Eastern military though, the new Iraqi military, neighboring countries, and the dynamics of a region vital to U.S. ... [41], The Iraq–Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwaiti territory. That war ended in August 1945 with the atomic obliteration of two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by the most devastating bombs in history up to that moment, given the sweet code names "Little Boy" and "Fat Man." [156] On 24 February 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of Wadi Al-Batin and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance. Shortly afterwards, the US VII Corps, in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, surprising Iraqi forces. [44] Resulting revenues struggled to support the government's basic costs, let alone repair Iraq's damaged infrastructure. [138] The allied forces used extensive artillery fire. [38] Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region. The only CF-18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy.[183]. Now nearing its 36th anniversary as the British Army's standard service rifle, the weapon system has stood the test of time. [159] Task Force 1-41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers who occupied these well-prepared and heavily fortified bunkers. The US 3rd Armored Division also fough… We'd be running the country. The Italian Air Force recorded the loss of a single aircraft in the gulf war. The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. "[129] It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents such as sarin. President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait, and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention. [111] She hadn't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion. "[203] General Schwarzkopf talked about "a very, very large number of dead in these units, a very, very large number indeed. According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded. The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau. America, Oil, and War in the Middle East. [105], Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces. Exclusive: How the Space Force foiled an Iranian missile attack with a critical early warning. Found insideFinalist for the Pulitzer Prize • One of the Washington Post Book World's 10 Best Books of the Year • Time's 10 Best Books of the Year • USA Today's Nonfiction Book of the Year • A New York Times Notable Book "Staggeringly vivid and ... Around 5,000 of the last troops were moved to other Gulf states. From 1991 until 2003, the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation, widespread poverty and malnutrition. During the conflict, coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV, most with visible signs of abuse. On 29 January, Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. In coalition-occupied Iraqi territory, a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides. The Red River War officially ended in June 1875 when Quanah Parker and his band of Quahadi Comanche entered Fort Sill and surrendered. Media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books, such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage: The Worst Censorship was at Home.[275]. Globalization. Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and Time magazine published a special issue dated 28 January 1991, the headline "War in the Gulf" emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began. [73][74] On 3 August 1990, the Arab League passed its own resolution, which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league, and warned against outside intervention. How will the international community respond if it's proven that the Syrian government has used chemical weapons against its own people? Yemen had a cost of $830 million, 10% of GDP, while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion, 32% of GDP. Instead, it ended in stages. It was determined that the conflict would likely spread into Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. Major events in the aftermath include anti-Saddam Hussein uprisings in Iraq, massacres against the Kurds by the regime, Iraq formally recognizing the sovereignty of Kuwait in 1994, and eventually ending its cooperation with the United Nations Special Commission in 1998. August 2, 1990 - The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) passes a resolution denouncing Iraq’s … We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. These eight-man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers, which could not be detected from the air, as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day. This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition. Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí". The fighting was over in less than 100 hours. The US military used depleted uranium in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20–30 mm cannon ordnance. Within 12 hours, most resistance had ended within Kuwait, and the royal family had fled, allowing Iraq to control most of Kuwait. [202] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports. Around this time, it declares itself an ally of the ACMF. Summarizes a report on the planning and execution of operations in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM through June 2004. Recommends changes to Army plans, operational concepts, doctrine, and Title 10 functions. 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