? GR0V Shell

GR0V shell

Linux www.koreapackagetour.com 2.6.32-042stab145.3 #1 SMP Thu Jun 11 14:05:04 MSK 2020 x86_64

Path : /home/admin/domains/happytokorea.net/public_html/yrfd5i8s/cache/
File Upload :
Current File : /home/admin/domains/happytokorea.net/public_html/yrfd5i8s/cache/2e7be908bb3c400d5b3ec3df7bc03b90

a:5:{s:8:"template";s:15628:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" name="viewport"/>
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato%3A100%2C300%2C400%2C700%2C900%2C100italic%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C900italic%7CPoppins%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%2C100italic%2C200italic%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C500italic%2C600italic%2C700italic%2C800italic%2C900italic&amp;ver=1561768425" id="redux-google-fonts-woodmart_options-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
@charset "utf-8";.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;line-height:.68;font-weight:100;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}  
@font-face{font-family:Poppins;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Poppins Light'),local('Poppins-Light'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/poppins/v9/pxiByp8kv8JHgFVrLDz8Z1xlEA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Poppins;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Poppins Regular'),local('Poppins-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/poppins/v9/pxiEyp8kv8JHgFVrJJfedw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Poppins;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Poppins Medium'),local('Poppins-Medium'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/poppins/v9/pxiByp8kv8JHgFVrLGT9Z1xlEA.ttf) format('truetype')} 
@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}html{box-sizing:border-box;-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:inherit}.container{width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:769px){.container{max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:1025px){.container{max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1222px}}.row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}a,body,div,footer,h1,header,html,i,li,span,ul{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline}*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{line-height:1}ul{list-style:none}footer,header{display:block}a{-ms-touch-action:manipulation;touch-action:manipulation} html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}body{overflow-x:hidden;margin:0;line-height:1.6;font-size:14px;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;color:#777;background-color:#fff}a{color:#3f3f3f;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:all .25s ease;transition:all .25s ease}a:active,a:focus,a:hover{text-decoration:none;outline:0}a:focus{outline:0}h1{font-size:28px}ul{line-height:1.4}i.fa:before{margin-left:1px;margin-right:1px}.color-scheme-light{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8)}.website-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;background-color:#fff}.main-page-wrapper{padding-top:40px;margin-top:-40px;background-color:#fff}.whb-header{margin-bottom:40px}.whb-flex-row{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.whb-column{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.whb-col-left,.whb-mobile-left{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin-left:-10px}.whb-flex-flex-middle .whb-col-center{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 0px;flex:1 1 0}.whb-general-header .whb-mobile-left{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 0px;flex:1 1 0}.whb-main-header{position:relative;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:390;backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden}.whb-scroll-stick .whb-flex-row{-webkit-transition:height .2s ease;transition:height .2s ease}.whb-scroll-stick .main-nav .item-level-0>a,.whb-scroll-stick .woodmart-burger-icon{-webkit-transition:all .25s ease,height .2s ease;transition:all .25s ease,height .2s ease}.whb-row{-webkit-transition:background-color .2s ease;transition:background-color .2s ease}.whb-color-dark:not(.whb-with-bg){background-color:#fff}.woodmart-logo{display:inline-block}.woodmart-burger-icon{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;height:40px;line-height:1;color:#333;cursor:pointer;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-webkit-transition:all .25s ease;transition:all .25s ease}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger{position:relative;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger,.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::after,.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::before{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:2px;background-color:currentColor;-webkit-transition:width .25s ease;transition:width .25s ease}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::after,.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::before{position:absolute;content:"";left:0}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::before{top:-6px}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger::after{top:6px}.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger-label{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:8px}.woodmart-burger-icon:hover{color:rgba(51,51,51,.6)}.woodmart-burger-icon:hover .woodmart-burger,.woodmart-burger-icon:hover .woodmart-burger:after,.woodmart-burger-icon:hover .woodmart-burger:before{background-color:currentColor}.woodmart-burger-icon:hover .woodmart-burger:before{width:12px}.woodmart-burger-icon:hover .woodmart-burger:after{width:10px}.whb-mobile-nav-icon.mobile-style-icon .woodmart-burger-label{display:none}.woodmart-prefooter{background-color:#fff;padding-bottom:40px}.copyrights-wrapper{border-top:1px solid}.color-scheme-light .copyrights-wrapper{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.min-footer{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;margin-left:-15px;margin-right:-15px}.min-footer>div{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 0 50%;flex:1 0 50%;max-width:50%;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;line-height:1.2}.min-footer .col-right{text-align:right}.btn.btn-style-bordered:not(:hover){background-color:transparent!important}.scrollToTop{position:fixed;bottom:20px;right:20px;width:50px;height:50px;color:#333;text-align:center;z-index:350;font-size:0;border-radius:50%;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,.17);box-shadow:0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,.17);background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transform:translateX(100%);-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden}.scrollToTop:after{content:"\f112";font-family:woodmart-font;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;line-height:50px;font-weight:600}.scrollToTop:hover{color:#777}.woodmart-load-more:not(:hover){background-color:transparent!important}.woodmart-navigation .menu{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.woodmart-navigation .menu li a i{margin-right:7px;font-size:115%}.woodmart-navigation .item-level-0>a{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:uppercase}.woodmart-navigation .item-level-0.menu-item-has-children{position:relative}.woodmart-navigation .item-level-0.menu-item-has-children>a{position:relative}.woodmart-navigation .item-level-0.menu-item-has-children>a:after{content:"\f107";margin-left:4px;font-size:100%;font-style:normal;color:rgba(82,82,82,.45);font-weight:400;font-family:FontAwesome}.woodmart-navigation.menu-center{text-align:center}.main-nav{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto}.main-nav .item-level-0>a{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;height:40px}.navigation-style-separated .item-level-0{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navigation-style-separated .item-level-0:not(:last-child):after{content:"";border-right:1px solid}.navigation-style-separated .item-level-0{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.navigation-style-separated .item-level-0:not(:last-child):after{height:18px}.color-scheme-light ::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.color-scheme-light ::-moz-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.color-scheme-light :-moz-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.color-scheme-light :-ms-input-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.woodmart-hover-button .hover-mask>a:not(:hover),.woodmart-hover-info-alt .product-actions>a:not(:hover){background-color:transparent!important}.group_table td.product-quantity>a:not(:hover){background-color:transparent!important}.woocommerce-invalid input:not(:focus){border-color:#ca1919}.woodmart-dark .comment-respond .stars a:not(:hover):not(.active){color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}.copyrights-wrapper{border-color:rgba(129,129,129,.2)}a:hover{color:#7eb934}body{font-family:lato,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}h1{font-family:Poppins,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}.main-nav .item-level-0>a,.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger-label{font-family:lato,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}.site-logo,.woodmart-burger-icon{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px}h1{color:#2d2a2a;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:20px;line-height:1.4;display:block}.whb-color-dark .navigation-style-separated .item-level-0>a{color:#333}.whb-color-dark .navigation-style-separated .item-level-0>a:after{color:rgba(82,82,82,.45)}.whb-color-dark .navigation-style-separated .item-level-0:after{border-color:rgba(129,129,129,.2)}.whb-color-dark .navigation-style-separated .item-level-0:hover>a{color:rgba(51,51,51,.6)}@media (min-width:1025px){.container{width:95%}.whb-hidden-lg{display:none}}@media (max-width:1024px){.scrollToTop{bottom:12px;right:12px;width:40px;height:40px}.scrollToTop:after{font-size:14px;line-height:40px}.whb-visible-lg{display:none}.min-footer{-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;text-align:center;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.min-footer .col-right{text-align:center}.min-footer>div{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:15px}.min-footer>div:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:576px){.mobile-nav-icon .woodmart-burger-label{display:none}}
 body{font-family:Lato,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}h1{font-family:Poppins,'MS Sans Serif',Geneva,sans-serif}.main-nav .item-level-0>a,.woodmart-burger-icon .woodmart-burger-label{font-family:Lato,'MS Sans Serif',Geneva,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:13px}a:hover{color:#52619d}
</style>
</head>
<body class="theme-woodmart">
<div class="website-wrapper">

<header class="whb-header whb-sticky-shadow whb-scroll-stick whb-sticky-real">
<div class="whb-main-header">
<div class="whb-row whb-general-header whb-sticky-row whb-without-bg whb-without-border whb-color-dark whb-flex-flex-middle">
<div class="container">
<div class="whb-flex-row whb-general-header-inner">
<div class="whb-column whb-col-left whb-visible-lg">
<div class="site-logo">
<div class="woodmart-logo-wrap">
<a class="woodmart-logo woodmart-main-logo" href="#" rel="home">
<h1>
{{ keyword }}
</h1>
 </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="whb-column whb-col-center whb-visible-lg">
<div class="whb-navigation whb-primary-menu main-nav site-navigation woodmart-navigation menu-center navigation-style-separated" role="navigation">
<div class="menu-main-fr-container"><ul class="menu" id="menu-main-fr"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-25 item-level-0 menu-item-design-default menu-simple-dropdown item-event-hover" id="menu-item-25"><a class="woodmart-nav-link" href="#"><i class="fa fa-home"></i><span class="nav-link-text">Home</span></a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29 item-level-0 menu-item-design-default menu-simple-dropdown item-event-hover" id="menu-item-29"><a class="woodmart-nav-link" href="#"><span class="nav-link-text">About</span></a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-28 item-level-0 menu-item-design-default menu-simple-dropdown item-event-hover" id="menu-item-28"><a class="woodmart-nav-link" href="#"><span class="nav-link-text">Services</span></a>
</li>
</ul></div></div>
</div>

<div class="whb-column whb-mobile-left whb-hidden-lg">
<div class="woodmart-burger-icon mobile-nav-icon whb-mobile-nav-icon mobile-style-icon">
<span class="woodmart-burger"></span>
<span class="woodmart-burger-label">Menu</span>
</div></div>
<div class="whb-column whb-mobile-center whb-hidden-lg">
<div class="site-logo">
<div class="woodmart-logo-wrap">
<a class="woodmart-logo woodmart-main-logo" href="#" rel="home">
<h1>
{{ keyword }}
</h1></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="main-page-wrapper">
<div class="container">
<div class="row content-layout-wrapper">
{{ text }}
<br>
{{ links }}
</div>
</div> 
</div> 
<div class="woodmart-prefooter">
<div class="container">
</div>
</div>

<footer class="footer-container color-scheme-light">
<div class="copyrights-wrapper copyrights-two-columns">
<div class="container">
<div class="min-footer">
<div class="col-left reset-mb-10" style="color:#000">
{{ keyword }} 2021
</div>
<div class="col-right reset-mb-10">
 </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div> 
<a class="woodmart-sticky-sidebar-opener" href="#"></a> <a class="scrollToTop" href="#">Scroll To Top</a>
</body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:22445:"Reducing daimyo and han power and influence.  [25], Name 3 of the ways rulers of shogunate Japan gained and maintained political power.             firmly and with justice at Edo.  Historians have characterized the type of government practiced in the Tokugawa period in various ways: "an integrated yet decentralized state structure," the "compound state," and Edwin O. Reischauer's celebrated oxymoron "centralized feudalism" are only a few of the often awkward terms devised to describe the essential Tokugawa balance of authority and autonomy. [3] This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [3] Found inside – Page 104Korean merchants (tojung) between 1844 and 1849 culled from Japanese ... In short, the local political status of the merchants was generally high. [3] In Tokugawa period Japan the chonin, or townsmen, who were largely imperial administrators, shogunal administrators, or rich merchants were the most frequent patrons of the pleasure quarters.  Many low-ranking samurai whose stipends gave them barely enough to get by felt they had to scrimp and save while merchants prospered. Employment as a steward.  Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the world’s leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Historically, tokugawa Samurai were a legal creation that grew out of the landed warriors of the medieval age; they came to be defined by the Tokugawa shogunate in terms of hereditary status, a right to hold public office, a right to bear arms, and a “cultural superiority” upheld through educational preferment (Smith 1988, 134).   From 1633 onward Japanese subjects were forbidden to travel abroad or to return from overseas, and foreign contact was limited to a few Chinese and Dutch merchants still allowed to trade through the southern port of Nagasaki. In it, he described the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) as an era of oppressive “feudal” rule. The period thence to the year 1867--the Tokugawa, or Edo, era--constitutes the later feudal period in Japan.  Found insideDefensive Positions focuses on the role of regional domains in early modern Japan’s coastal defense, shedding new light on this system’s development.    From 1600-1868, Japan was ruled by powerful warlords, or shoguns, of the Tokugawa family.   The procession each year of the wealthiest and most prestigious members of society and their extensive retinues to and from the capital was an enormous income generator for merchants -- and a great drain on the resources of the daimyo. [11] Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance.  Give and Take offers a new history of government in Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868), one that focuses on ordinary subjects: merchants, artisans, villagers, and people at the margins of society.  Teachers are encouraged to read "Tokugawa Japan: An Introductory Essay," by historian Marcia Yonemoto prior to conducting this lesson.  During the Edo period, the merchant class enjoyed a rise in social and economic status.   During the Edo period, the merchant class enjoyed a rise in social and economic status . They had economic wealth but no political power. [3] He said that Japan was the "land of the Gods" and the destruction of shrines by foreigners was something unheard of.  The shogunate exercised authority by compelling the wives and children of all daimy to reside permanently in Edo.   The Tokugawa Shogunate saw rapid economic growth and urbanization in Japan which led to the rise of the merchant class and Ukiyo culture. The Tokugawa Shogunate declined during the Bakumatsu ("Opening of Japan") period from 1853 and overthrown by supporters of the Imperial Court in the Meiji Restoration in 1868. [3], The powerful southwestern tozama domains of Chōshū and Satsuma exerted the greatest pressure on the Tokugawa government and brought about the overthrow of the last shogun, Hitosubashi Keiki (or Yoshinobu), in 1867. [3] merchants.)   At that time, Japan was under the domination of daimyo and Shogunate.  From the declining importance of the Samurai, to the rising influence of the merchant class, and finally to the inevitable changing of values that are all exacerbated by the long peace imposed by the Tokugawa Shogunate. [21] This was when Yoshinobu forcibly resigned as Japan’s last Shogun.  merchants did not share the regime’s vision of merchants. [9] [8], Tokugawa period, also called Edo period, (1603-1867), the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. [24] Common crafts in Tokugawa Japan included carpentry, stonemasonry, sake-brewing, and lacquering.   The essay provides context for this lesson by sketching the outline of Tokugawa history, touching on politics, economics, society, and culture and introducing some historical debates regarding the Tokugawa period.   Before Japan westernized, it was under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate. [11], Until around 1685, the Chinese junks that entered the port of Nagasaki were all trading without the authorization of the Chinese imperial court, and were thus viewed by the Chinese government as pirates; this was the main reason the Tokugawa shogunate relegated relations with the Chinese to the realm of private commerce.  Some samurai lived beyong their means; that is to say, their stipend; and went into debt to the socially despised merchants. Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area.          Edo Japan was in Edo Period, also called Tokugawa period. One of the first books to focus on a city other than Edo during the Tokugawa era, this work extends our understanding of Japanese urban life during that period.  THEN & NOW Many prominent families became merchants after the samurai class was dissolved in the 1870's.  The Tokugawa shogunate (/ ˌ t ɒ k uː ˈ ɡ ɑː w ə /, Japanese 徳川幕府 Tokugawa bakufu), also known as the Edo shogunate (江戸幕府, Edo bakufu), was the feudal military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868..  This tendency was formalized by Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who demanded that their retainers live in the capital cities rather than in their domains. This book explains compellingly that, despite common belief, in the early modern period, the intra-East Asian commercial network still functioned sustainably, and within that network, the Sino-Japanese trade can be seen as the most ...   Shoguns and Art ". [3]              © 1983 Cambridge University Press  The circumstances and choices that made one household unlike another were framed, then as now, by prevailing laws, norms, and controls on resources. These factors led the majority to form stem families, which are a focus of this volume. Creating the Tokugawa system of rule required a variety of sweeping political and social reforms, none perhaps with a more profound impact than the division of society into four hereditary status groups (often called classes) based on occupation, known in Japanese as the shinMkMshM (samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants).   A literature focused on romance began to spread (the merchant class at all levels was remarkably literate in Tokugawa Japan), styles in clothes became increasingly lavish, and a cult of sexual indulgence grew in importance (Japan had never been as prudish or moralistic as most cultures, something expressed in the relaxed non-moralistic character of the native religion of Shinto).  During the Great Peace of the Tokugawa era, many economic and societal changes occurred in Japan. From 1603 through 1869, Japan was ruled by a series of shoguns known as the Tokugawa Shogunate, descended from Tokugawa Ieyasu. the shogunate promoted a culture that combined aspects of samurai culture and the arts of the imperial court, with the balance between the two shifting in accordance with the interests of individual shoguns and their advisors. The Tokugawa did allow Chinese merchants, including those from Southeast Asia, to visit Nagasaki to trade on the condition that they obeyed the anti-Christian policy. In return for their acceptance of …  Observers, especially powerful daimy, saw that the shogunate had no new ideas about how to handle the foreign threat, much less the domestic problems wracking the country.   [2] [20]                 Note: Footnotes & Links provided to all original resources. [9]   Merchants were the lowest class in the social ranking system in feudal Japan. What was the status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan? [21] edo. [3]   Explain how Tokugawa policies, the arts, and travel shaped Tokugawa society.   [3]  Permanent Exhibitions at the Tokugawa Art Museum The core of the museum's collection comprises objects inherited from the first shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu. [4] What changed the Tokugawa rule? Little classical political importance: site of what will be local merchant capital and local banking by the end of the Tokugawa period.             Rights Reserved. Tokugawa period, also called Edo period, (1603–1867), the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.. As shogun, Ieyasu achieved hegemony over the entire country by balancing the power of potentially hostile domains (tozama) with strategically …  The Tokugawa shogunate established social order by means of a rigorous social hierarchy.  The Tokugawa house patronized certain merchants who were given a monopoly over the purchase and sale of rice, conversion of money and other allied activities. [8] [22]  The establishment of a strict class structure of warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants ( shi-nō-kō-shō) represents the final consummation of the system. Why did merchants have such low status in Tokugawa society? 205. For the foreigners to corrupt and stir up the lower class was outrageous. In 1868, the Emperor Meiji (the name means “enlightened rule”) replaced the Tokugawa Shogun as leader.  One of the most prominent influences on merchant culture during the Tokugawa was the rise of a form of theatrical staging known as Kabuki -- a type of operatic popular theater that feature lively action, sensational plots, and colorful costume and stage make-up.   [3], The growing power of Satsuma and Choshu changed the balance of power within the Tokugawa administration.  In the later Tokugawa period, the phrase daimy gei, or "a daimy's skill," came to indicate someone or something entirely lacking in talent or quality. [2]  The shogunate could scarcely control it, much less eradicate it. [8]           The alliance worked out a proposal for a complete overthrow of the Shogunate.  In some cases, a poor samurai could be little better off than a peasant and the lines between the classes could blur, especially between artisans and merchants in urban areas.  Ethnic Japanese represented a minority of the population. I have seen that great profit can be made honorably. Instead, the …  This was the Boshin War.  Plans to overthrow the Tokugawa regime began in earnest in the 1860s. This periods started it 1603 and ended in 1867. [3]   A Case Study of Tokugawa Japan through Art: Views of a Society in Transformation "For many years, Western scholarship presented a narrative of Tokugawa Japan as a stable, but also stagnant society. [3] Found insideThis is the first global history of dress regulation and its place in broader debates around how human life and societies should be visualised and materialised. [24], Jigsaw the class into new groups of three, made up of "experts" about Tokugawa art, travel, and society.  The city grew when merchants, artisans and other residents migrated. Political authority in the Japanese system was decentralized.  In 1867, the emperor died and was succeeded by his minor son Mutsuhito; Keiki reluctantly became head of the Tokugawa house and shogun.   Both had a pyramid - shaped hierarchy in society, the ruler (king) at the top, then nobles, warriors (knights) and peasants (including farmers, artisans, merchants, etc.). [23]  [24] Those crafts that were most in demand by the samurai, such as swordmaking, were highly prized in Tokugawa society, so sword makers had a great deal of status. Once dismissed as a feudal dark age, the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) now shines in the popular imagination as a golden age of peace and prosperity and is celebrated as the fullest expression of native Japanese culture before the arrival of Western imperialism changed Japan's place in the world forever.   Thanks to this policy, both the trading at Nagasaki and the government's system for managing and controlling foreign relations functioned smoothly until the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate. Sir George Sansom’s history of Japan was first published in 1932 and used in U.S. college classrooms into the 1980s. [24] [2] [25]  Given what the quote tells us, I would say this is a daimy procession, traveling between the daimy's local domain and Edo as required by the shogunate. [8] The system outlined above, whereby Japan used four portals to carry out three categories of foreign interaction ( tsūshin, tsūshō, and buiku ) was the basis for a Japan-centered regional order that gradually took shape in the early modern era--in essence, a Japanese version of the Sinocentric world order, with the Tokugawa shogunate at the summit. Found insideThe Japanese society which emerged when Tokugawa Ieyasu had completed the process of pacifying warring baronies was neither literary, nor hardly literate.€The Japan of 1868 was a very different society: practically every samurai was ... [23] [3] MERCHANTS AND SOCIETY IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN 479 regional or national. SPICE CHART- Tokugawa (Japan) S ocial Structures Development & Transformation of Social Structures Slow population growth because of later marriage, contraceptives, abortion, and other methods Ruling elite lost their status since their income came in the form of rice and it didn’t keep up with other prices Samurai and daimyo encouraged to become bureaucrats since they were … [7] [10] Translation provided by Carol Gluck, George Sansom Professor [3] Landowners who chose to register as warriors (samurai) gained status, but they had to give up their hereditary lands in exchange for a stipend and move to a castle-town.  [21] 14 In short, the privileged merchants represented the initial development of merchant capital in Tokugawa Japan. [20] The hereditary Tokugawa shogunate ruled the central government from Edo (present day Tokyo), and ruled over a … What businesses is [3], The shogunate also forced all daimy to commute between their home domains and the shogunal capital of Edo, a time- and resource-consuming practice. [8] [20] In World Trade Systems of the East and West, Geoffrey C. Gunn profiles Nagasaki's historical role in mediating the Japanese bullion trade, especially silver exchanged against Chinese and Vietnamese silk. [5], Society during the Edo period, also called Tokugawa period (1603 and 1868 CE), in Japan was ruled by strict customs and regulations intended to promote stability. Thus, the bakuhan system was firmly solidified by the second half of the 17th century.  Urban demand for goods encouraged commercial specialization and the reliance on merchants to facilitate commercial exchange of goods and money.  Here Arano provides a thought-provoking overview of the complex system of trade and diplomacy by which the Tokugawa shogunate maintained peace, prosperity, and autonomy over a period of two and a half centuries.  During this period, merchants broke the social barriers, mixing with the higher social classes. [21]  Life of a Merchant in Feudal Japan Daily Routine Challenges Advantages The merchants were onced considered to be the lowest class, oftenly referred to as 'parasites' in society during the early Edo periods. .  [11]   [11]  The resulting system of semi-autonomous domains directed by the central authority of the Tokugawa shogunate lasted for more than 250 years. [24] In pre-modern Japan, the shogun was Japan's supreme military leader, awarded the title by the emperor, and by tradition a descendant of the prestigious Minamoto clan. 4 ).    [5] The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, when _____  Ruling Japan from 1603 A.D to 1867 A.D, the Tokugawa Shogunate ended when the fifteenth Tokugawa shogun resigned and returned power back to the Emperor. Through the accounts of Japanese Buddhist monks who visited the Asian mainland (China), Japan began to adopt its own unique form of Confucianism called Neo-Confucianism about three hundred years before the Edo Period, during the late Kamakura shogunate. What was the status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan? [11] CASTE POSITION. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, merchants were members of the "shomin" caste, at the bottom of the social order. For their dealings with money, they were scorned as parasites of society.  Western powers attempted to split Japan into spheres of influence. [24] Drawing on the Marxist historiography of prewar Japan, Norman interpreted the Meiji Restoration in terms of class conflict: a modified bourgeois revolution directed against a feudal Tokugawa regime, led by a coalition of lower samurai and merchants, and supported With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free.    It put samurai at the mercy of both the unstable market price for rice and the greed of merchant moneychangers. [10]  The founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu, was partial to neo-Confucianism, based on the Chinese Confucian philosophy.  can never become a samurai through an exam) however merchants had a high amount of mobility; transformation in Japanese economic history. https://www.thoughtco.com/four-tiered-class-system-feudal-japan-195582               have to live by the sword"? [2] [3], There are accounts of illiterate samurai, especially later in the Tokugawa period.  The Dutch learning encouraged the Japanese scholars to criticise the Shogunate for the shortcomings of the closed door policy. [23]  The political structure of Tokugawa society also favored the development of trade in two key respects. [20], Previously considered the dregs of society for their dealings with money, the merchants' new affluence encouraged the growth of art and helped spawn a culture more attuned to the common man.  In 1680, Tsunayoshi Tokugawa assumed the fifth shogunate and took charge of state affairs ( Fig. The most important philosophy of Tokugawa Japan was Neo-Confucianism, stressing the importance of morals, education and hierarchical order in the government and society: A strict four class system existed during the Edo period: at the top of the social hierarchy stood the samurai, followed by the peasants, artisans and merchants. Edo Japan Edo Japan was in Edo Period, also called Tokugawa period.  Through careful monitoring and the spread of information about cropping patterns, fertilizers, and the like, Japanese peasants in the Tokugawa period continued to increase their land's productivity. early Tokugawa period.             Mitsui empire.  It is at the same time, of course, a highly selective portrait, celebrating the beauty of the city, the prosperity of its merchants, the power of its ruler and the pleasures of its people."  The burden of debt on the samurai made the merchant class even more depised. Merchants were at the very bottom of the social hierarchy. [6], When Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853 forced the Shogun to permit Japanese merchants to trade with visiting foreign ships he did not intend to disrupt the Japanese social system, yet that is exactly what happened. [3]   On the other hand, little status mobility existed in middle and high ranking samurai.  Fearing the growing power of the Satsuma and Choshu daimyo, other daimyo called for returning the shogun's political power to the emperor and a council of daimyo chaired by the former Tokugawa shogun.  [15]  The most favorite and famous shogun in Japanese history is Tokugawa leyasu of the Tokugawa Period and the Tokugawa Shogunate. View Lecture+4+economic+development+in+Tokugawa+Japan.pdf from SOSC 1470 at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. The roles of merchants in feudal Japan. [10] W hat happened during the Tokugawa period?  The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.  Development of a government bureaucracy.  by the samurai, such as swordmaking, were highly prized in Tokugawa society, so sword makers had a great deal of status. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku … 14 In short, the privileged merchants represented the initial development of merchant capital in Tokugawa Japan. Although the merchant class became increasingly wealthy during the Tokugawa Period, they were continuously denied a social status equal to their wealth. . [3], This weakening of the shogun's power speeded up the downfall of the Shogunate.  Merchants flaunted their wealth, building enormous houses and dressing in finery that exceeded that of samurai. [2]  What should readers make of these discrepancies? [15]  In 1716, the eighth shogun, Yoshimune Tokugawa, assumed the regime ( Fig.  early Tokugawa period. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, merchants were members of the "shomin" caste, at the bottom of the social order.  Section B: Summary of Evidence Choshu and Satsuma clans gathered together to defeat the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Bakumatsu period.  Many samurai fell on hard times and were forced into handicraft production and wage jobs for merchants.   Their needs were met by artisans, who moved to be around the castles, and merchants, who traded local and regional goods. At the center of this was the merchant class. [2], The Edo shogunate, or Tokugawa shogunate, began with Ieyasu Tokugawa who became the first Tokugawa shogun in 1603, and ended with the 15th shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa. ";s:7:"keyword";s:30:"bmw 328i m performance exhaust";s:5:"links";s:692:"<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/resilient-to-change-business">Resilient To Change Business</a>,
<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/equine-pharmaceutical-jobs">Equine Pharmaceutical Jobs</a>,
<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/getdistance-excel-not-working">Getdistance Excel Not Working</a>,
<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/minecraft-dungeons-trainer">Minecraft Dungeons Trainer</a>,
<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/how-many-goals-did-messi-scored-in-psg">How Many Goals Did Messi Scored In Psg</a>,
<a href="http://happytokorea.net/yrfd5i8s/effect-of-misrepresentation-in-insurance-contract">Effect Of Misrepresentation In Insurance Contract</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}

T1KUS90T
  root-grov@210.1.60.28:~$