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</html>";s:4:"text";s:27446:"Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Stage theory. Copyright © 2020 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Barron's AP Psychology, 8th Edition E-Z Psychology Product Format Comprehensive Test Prep Guide Psychology makes sense when you approach it the E-Z way! I got a 5 on the 2020 AP Psychology exam, and I couldnât have done it without this book. someone who feels as if they are responsible for what happens to them has an _________ _______ __ ______. Psychology. B) psychology focuses on mental disorder. But later the cycle repeats itself. If you own the latest edition, please go to online.barronsbooks.com to access the online assets of your book. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. Send us a question or share your feedback by sending an email to barrons@gwhizmobile.com, I paid $5.45 for this to get the update to get all the flash cards. a person's global feeling about himself or herself, confidence in one's own worth or abilities; self-respect, reaching the fullest extent of your personal potential, a kind of blanket acceptance (emphasized by humanist theorists) that is needed for self-actualization; feeling loved no matter what, often used by psychoanalysts; involve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli to reveal the unconscious mind, a simple and widespread method personality assessment; questionnaires that ask people to evaluate and provide information about themselves, the tendency to see yourself in vague, stock descriptions of personality, a test with items that have been piloted on a similar population of people as those who are meant to take the test and achievement norms have been established, Standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people, a large sample of test takers who represent the population for which the test is intended; also called the norm group, randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then ocrrelating people's performances on the two halves, the correlation between a person's score on one administration of the test with the same person's score on a subsequent administration, the correlation between performance on different forms of the same test, type of content validity; the superficial measure of accuracy of a test, type of criterion-related validity; measure how much of a characteristic a person has at the administration of the test, type of criterion-related validity; measure of future performance, the correlation between the results of the test and other measures of the same criteria, tests that measure what one has learned or accomplished, the ability to gather and use information in productive ways, type of intelligence that refers to our ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills; lessens with age, type of intelligence that involves using knowledge accumulated over time; stays consistent or raises with age, Howard Gardner's theory that intelligence encompasses a wide range of abilities and behavior. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you. understanding that an object does not actually change size (as it appears to) when moving closer or farther away, understanding that shapes of objects stay constant even though objects viewed through different angles produce different shapes on the retina, understanding that objects stay a constant color even if the light reflecting off of the object changes, - stroboscopic effect, phi phenomenon, autokinetic effect, ability to see the world as a 3D atmosphere, linear perspective, relative size, interposition, texture gradient, shadowing, our level of awareness of ourselves and our environment, (a belief of psychoanalytic psychologists) the events and feelings that are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed, periodic, reversible, temporary loss of consciousness into another conscious level necessary for human survival, sleep onset --> stage between wakefulness and sleep, often not remembered, sleep disorder characterised by an inability to get to sleep or stay asleep at night, rare sleep disorder characterized by periods of intense sleepiness at unpredictable and inappropriate times, common, often undiagnosed sleep disorder where a person stops breathing during the night, wakes up and gasps for air, and continues to sleep, sleep disorder typical of younger children characterized by intense fear and anxiety during NREM 4 that the child does not remember the source of when they wake up, the storylike images we experience as we sleep, theory that dreams are a tool to uncover the repressed information in the unconscious mind, and they display wishes and unconscious desires in their manifest and latent content, theory that explains dreams as the brain's interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM, dream theory that explains dreams as a way for the brain to deal with daily stress and information, a suggestion that a hypnotized person behave in a certain after he or she is brought out of hypnosis, explains hypnosis as a social phenomenon where someone with high hypnotic suggestibility will likely play the role of a hypnotized person when prompted. the concept that the left hemisphere controls the function of the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, brain lateralization (hemispheric specialization), the specialization of function in each hemisphere, the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres, areas of the cerebral cortex that are not associated with muscle control or sensory information, - located at the top-front part of the brain, - located in the frontal lobes and the left hemisphere, - thin vertical strip at the back of the frontal lobe, - located on the top of the head behind the frontal lobe, - located at the front of the parietal lobe, - lobe that processes sound sensed by the ears, - the idea that other parts of the brain can adapt to perform other functions, system of glands that secrete hormones that affect many different biological processes in our bodies, gland of the endocrine system that produces adrenaline, gland(s) of the endocrine system that produce sex hormones (estrogen for women, testosterone for men), the process of sensory signals being transformed into neural impulses, decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation, sensory habituation (perceptual adaptation), the decrease in how attention-demanding a stimulus is after repeated exposure (not due to sensory adaptation), the activations of our senses that takes in environmental stimuli, the process of understanding and interpreting sensation, property of visible light waves that controls the hue of the color we see, property of light controlled by the amount of energy a light wave has, the muscles that control the amount of light let into the pupil, a curved and flexible surface beneath the pupil that accommodates (flexes) to focus light onto the retina, the light sensitive inner surface of the eyeball that contains rods and cones, part of the visual cortex activated in response to certain images (vertical lines, curves, motion, faces, etc. The only way to undo that is to shut down the phone and turn it back on. • Updated terminology based on the DSM-5, as well as many additional examples designed to help students understand specific concepts through real-world applications.• Includes a bonus set of 50 AP style multiple-choice questions with detailed explanations for every question. Microbiology and Immunology Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review, Biochemistry Lippincott’s Illustrated Q&A Review, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases LANGE Flash Cards, Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine Lange Flashcards, PCAT Mastery: Pharmacy College Admission (Pharm D), Test Prep for AP® Exam - Fast Track to a 5. KEY TERMS. Unconscious. • Saves your progress across devices and platforms including iOS, Android and the Web, once you have logged in with an e-mail address. This is a scam don’t buy unless you want to throw $5 in the toilet. Whenever I leave the app and my phone goes to sleep, the page is stuck when I come back, so I can’t move to another page when I want to. - set up the first psychology lab in Germany, the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations, - published Principles of Psychology (the first psych textbook), - old school of psychology that studied how the brain's structures identified function in our lives, a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines (partly) how we think and behave, the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tensions that our conscious mind cannot deal with them, environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses, environmental events that trigger a response, - fifth and final wave of psychological thought, Social-cultural (sociocultural) perspective, the tendency to think (after hearing some information) to think that you knew it all along, research with clear, practical applications, research that explores questions of interest without immediate real-world applications, a TESTABLE statement that expresses a relationship between two variables, the variable of an experiment being manipulated, - the variable that changes based on the independent variable, a ______________ aims to explain a phenomenon with a set of testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting supporting data, - an explanation of how a variable will be defined and measured, an experiment has ________ when it measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate, an experiment has __________ when it can be replicated; it is consistent, the process by which participants of an experiment are selected, the group of participants of an experiment, the __________ includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample, when a sample group is representative of the population --> if it has been randomly selected, the process of selecting a sample from a population that ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, - additional action taken to increase the likelihood that a sample is representative, research method that is carefully controlled so it can show a causal relationship, experiments conducted in a lab (highly controlled environment, less realistic), experiments conducted out in the real world; less controlled, more realistic, and difference between the experimental and control conditions (except for the independent variable) that might affect the dependent variable, means that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into the control and experimental groups, efforts to limit situation-relevant and participant-relevant confounding variables, used to ensure that the experimental and control groups are equivalent on some criterion, - a kind of situation-relevant confounding variable, when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned, the tendency for subjects of an experiment to behave in certain ways, a type of response bias in which subjects tend to give answers that reflect well on themselves, the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed, method of control in which the control group is given an inert and identical substance, expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause, - involves asking people to fill out surveys, research method in which researchers observe their participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all; sacrifices control for realistic and rich description of participant behavior, research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant; findings cannot be generalized to a larger population, statistics that simply describe a set of data, - attempt to mark the center of a distribution, values of data that can distort the mean and skew distributions, when a set of scores contains more low scores than high scores and the and the mean is higher than the median, when a set of scores contains more high scores than low scores and the mean is lower than the median, - statistical measures that depict the diversity of a distribution, measure of the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviations, - computation showing the strength of a correlation, as opposed to descriptive statistics; used to determine if findings can be applied to the larger population, the extent to which the sample differs from the population, value that gives the probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance, p value of less than 0.05 --> a 5% chance that that the results occurred by chance, - the board to which any type of academic research must first propose the study, the study of the parts and functions of the neurons, individual nerve cell; entirely make up the nervous system, rootlike parts of the cell that stretch out from the cell body; grow to make synaptic connections with other neurons, part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other parts necessary to cell function, part of a neuron; wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the soma, part of a neuron; a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses like insulation on electrical wire, part of a neuron; the branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters and connects through the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron, chemicals contained in the terminal buttons of a neuron that enable neurons to communicate; fit into receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron like a key in a lock, part of a neuron; the space between the terminal buttons of one neuro and the dendrites of the next neuron; where neurotransmitters move from cell to cell, places on the dendrites of a receiving neuron that take in the neurotransmitters of the sending neuron, the amount of stimulation it takes the action potential to be triggered in a neuron, - when an electric signal is fired down the neuron, the principle that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all, similar to a bullet in a gun, neurotransmitters that excite the next cell into firing - build up to cross the threshold and trigger action potential, neurotransmitters that inhibit the next cell from firing - stop action potential from moving to the next neuron cell, the neurons that take sensory information to the brain, the neurons that take the messages from the brain or spinal cord and send them elsewhere to the brain or to different neurons, neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body, body structure of the CNS made up of all the nerves housed within the bones of the skull and vertebrae that transmits information from the rest of the body to the brain, consists of all of the nerves in your body besides those of the brain and spinal cord, the part of the PNS that controls voluntary muscle movements --> the motor cortex of the brain sends impulses to muscles allowing us to move, the part of the PNS that controls the automatic, unconscious functions of the body; controls responses to stress through the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes our body to respond to stress, part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing down our body after a stress response, the removal or destruction of brain tissue, computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan), - consists of the brain structures in the top part of the spinal cord, brain structure involved in the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing, brain structure that serves as a message station between the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, - part of the brain between the forebrain and hindbrain, structure of the midbrain that controls general bodily arousal and the ability to focus attention, - thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, lobes, part of the forebrain responsible for receiving the sensory signals coming up the spinal cord and sending them to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain, part of the forebrain that controls several metabolic functions, part of the forebrain vital to the experiences of emotion (particularly fear), area of the forebrain responsible for encoding memories, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, - thin grey wrinkled surface of the brain covering all other higher structures. Ego. With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app. Psychology is different from other disciplines, such as psychiatry, that deal with people because A) psychology focuses only on animal research. AP Psychology Test - Chapter 1 Flashcards | CourseNotes. intelligence test based on the beliefs of Alfred Binet and mental age, created by Louis Terman, a measure of IQ developed by David Wechsler used to test both adults and children based on a mean intelligence of 100 and finding std deviation IQ, the fact that performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, legal term (not a psychological one) for someone who cannot be held legally responsible for their crime, any disorder characterized by abnormal, unusual, disturbing, irrational, or maladaptive behavior, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; provides a way for psychologists to diagnose their patients consistently, disorders that share a common symptom in maladaptive anxiety, an intense unwarranted fear of a situation or concept, phobia-like disorder characterized by a fear of situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public, anxiety disorder characterized by a constant, low-level anxiety of all situations; symptoms include fatigue, irritability, restlessness, emotional distress, excessive worry, headaches and nausea, anxiety disorder characterized by acute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation and panic attacks, psychological disorder that occurs when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom; a person experiences a physical problem in the absence of any identifiable physical cause, type of somatoform disorder in which people report the existence of a severe physical problem in which actual physical symptoms will appear, psychological disorders involving a disruption in conscious processes, type of dissociative disorder where a person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified, formerly known as multiple personality disorder; when a person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality, common mood disorder in which someone experiences long depressive episodes, lack of appetite, fatigue, changes in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, and feelings of worthlessness, formerly known as manic depression; involves both depressed and manic episodes, idea that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures, when one's prior experiences have caused that person to view themselves as unable to control aspects of the future that are in fact controllable, severe psychological disorder with the fundamental symptom of disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions, hallucinations, disorganized language, and/or unusual affect and motor behavior, beliefs that have no basis in reality; characteristic of schizophrenia, perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation; characteristic of schizophrenia, common behavior of schizophrenics; making up your own words, common behavior of schizophrenics; stringing together a series of nonsense words that rhyme, common behavior of schizophrenics; consistently having essentially no emotional response at all, a motor problem characteristic of schizophrenia; remaining motionless in strange positions for hours at a time, popular biological explanation for the cause of schizophrenia; states that high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia, psychological disorder characterized by extreme or inappropriate emotions, well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people's ability to function, personality disorder characterized by little regard for other people's feelings, and viewing the world as out to get you, psychological disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) tat cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a aparticular action, psychological disorder involving flashbacks or nightmares following involvement or observation of an extremely troubling event, psychological disorder marked by sexual attraction to objects, persons, or activities not usually seen as sexual, developmental disorder where children seek out less social and emotional contact than other children and are less likely to seek out parental support when distressed; tend to be hypersensitive to sensory stimulation and often exhibit intense interest in objects not viewed as interesting by most people, ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), developmental disorder in which a child may have difficulty paying attention or sitting still, putting holes in the skull to let evil spirits escape; ancient method of curing mental disorders, type of therapy that treats the mind rather than the body, primarily by talking with a psychologist, therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud that focus in identifying the underlying, unconscious cause of a problem, therapeutic technique where patients are asked to say whatever comes to mind without thinking; based on the goal of revealing unconscious thoughts, implicit content of dreams with unconscious meaning, when patients disagree with their therapists' interpretations as a defense mechanism; aspect of psychoanalytical therapies, when over the course of a therapy patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists (love, admiration, hatred); aspect of psychoanalytical therapies, the therapies that highlight the importance of the patient's gaining an understanding of their problems, therapies that focus on helping people to understand and accept themselves, and strive to self-actualize with the power of free will, Humanistic therapeutic method that hinges on the therapist providing the client with unconditional positive regard and seeking to help their clients accept and take responsibility for themselves, behaviorist therapy in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one, behaviorist therapy which involves teaching the client to replace feelings of anxietywith relaxation and working up the anxiety hierarchy, behaviorist therapy which involves beginning with the highest level of the anxiety hierarchy to prove a fear is irrational, methods of therapy that concentrate on changing unhealthy thought patterns, method of explaining a success or failure, therapies focused on biological factors of disorders that emphasize treatment that produces bodily changes, drugs often used to treat schizophrenia; Thorazine or Haldol; reduces dopamine uptake; side effect tardive dyskinesia, somatic therapy where electric current is passed through the brain, intrusive form of somatic therapy involving the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter behavior, medical doctors in psychiatry that are permitted to prescribe medication to treat psychological disorders, a set of beliefs and feelings that are evaluative of different aspects of our environment, states that the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it, method of persuasion that involves deeply processing the content of the message; gets straight to the point and deals with the fundamental concepts of an argument, method of persuasion that involves aspects other than the true points of an argument like the characteristics of the person imparting the message or the aesthetic presentation, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors - when they do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension, compliance strategy suggesting that if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request, compliance strategy arguing that after people refuse a large request they will look more favorably upon a comparatively reasonable follow-up request, compliance strategy based on the idea that people tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return, the idea that the expectations we have of others can influence those people behave in a way that meets our previous expectations, the tendency to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors when looking at the behavior of others, a culture in which a person's link to various groups such as family or company is stressed over the uniqueness of the individual, a culture in which the importance and uniqueness of the individual is stressed, the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them, the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones, a bias toward thinking that bad things happen to bad people; the idea that misfortunes befall people who deserve them; the tendency to blame victims, ideas about what members of different groups are like that influence the way we interact with people of those groups, undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people, the belief that one's culture is superior to others; seeing your culture as the norm and using it as the standard to judge all other cultures, the tendency to assume that your in-group is more diverse than an out-group, the tendency to prefer members of one's own group of people similar to you, aspect of the contact theory to solve prejudice; a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all working together, the hypothesis which holds that the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely, the finding that the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene, the idea that the larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help, the tendency of people to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others, the phenomenon that the presence of others improves task performance when the task is a simple, well-practiced skill, the phenomenon that being watched by others hurts performance when a task is difficult, the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others, willingness to do what another asks you to do, the phenomenon when individual do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone, the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually, the tendency for some groups to make bad choices when members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the other group members, the loss of self-restraint occurring when group members feel anonymous and aroused and do things they would not do on their own. 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