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<?php
/**
* @package Joomla.Platform
* @subpackage Database
*
* @copyright Copyright (C) 2005 - 2013 Open Source Matters, Inc. All rights reserved.
* @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE
*/
defined('JPATH_PLATFORM') or die;
/**
* Query Element Class.
*
* @package Joomla.Platform
* @subpackage Database
* @since 11.1
*/
class JDatabaseQueryElement
{
/**
* @var string The name of the element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $name = null;
/**
* @var array An array of elements.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $elements = null;
/**
* @var string Glue piece.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $glue = null;
/**
* Constructor.
*
* @param string $name The name of the element.
* @param mixed $elements String or array.
* @param string $glue The glue for elements.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __construct($name, $elements, $glue = ',')
{
$this->elements = array();
$this->name = $name;
$this->glue = $glue;
$this->append($elements);
}
/**
* Magic function to convert the query element to a string.
*
* @return string
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __toString()
{
if (substr($this->name, -2) == '()')
{
return PHP_EOL . substr($this->name, 0, -2) . '(' . implode($this->glue, $this->elements) . ')';
}
else
{
return PHP_EOL . $this->name . ' ' . implode($this->glue, $this->elements);
}
}
/**
* Appends element parts to the internal list.
*
* @param mixed $elements String or array.
*
* @return void
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function append($elements)
{
if (is_array($elements))
{
$this->elements = array_merge($this->elements, $elements);
}
else
{
$this->elements = array_merge($this->elements, array($elements));
}
}
/**
* Gets the elements of this element.
*
* @return string
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function getElements()
{
return $this->elements;
}
/**
* Method to provide deep copy support to nested objects and arrays
* when cloning.
*
* @return void
*
* @since 11.3
*/
public function __clone()
{
foreach ($this as $k => $v)
{
if (is_object($v) || is_array($v))
{
$this->{$k} = unserialize(serialize($v));
}
}
}
}
/**
* Query Building Class.
*
* @package Joomla.Platform
* @subpackage Database
* @since 11.1
*/
abstract class JDatabaseQuery
{
/**
* @var JDatabase The database connection resource.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $db = null;
/**
* @var string The query type.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $type = '';
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The query element for a generic query (type = null).
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $element = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The select element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $select = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The delete element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $delete = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The update element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $update = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The insert element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $insert = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The from element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $from = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The join element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $join = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The set element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $set = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The where element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $where = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The group by element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $group = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The having element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $having = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The column list for an INSERT statement.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $columns = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The values list for an INSERT statement.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $values = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The order element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $order = null;
/**
* @var JDatabaseQueryElement The union element.
* @since 12.1
*/
protected $union = null;
/**
* @var object The auto increment insert field element.
* @since 11.1
*/
protected $autoIncrementField = null;
/**
* Magic method to provide method alias support for quote() and quoteName().
*
* @param string $method The called method.
* @param array $args The array of arguments passed to the method.
*
* @return string The aliased method's return value or null.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __call($method, $args)
{
if (empty($args))
{
return;
}
switch ($method)
{
case 'q':
return $this->quote($args[0], isset($args[1]) ? $args[1] : true);
break;
case 'qn':
return $this->quoteName($args[0]);
break;
case 'e':
return $this->escape($args[0], isset($args[1]) ? $args[1] : false);
break;
}
}
/**
* Class constructor.
*
* @param JDatabase $db The database connector resource.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __construct(JDatabase $db = null)
{
$this->db = $db;
}
/**
* Magic function to convert the query to a string.
*
* @return string The completed query.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __toString()
{
$query = '';
switch ($this->type)
{
case 'element':
$query .= (string) $this->element;
break;
case 'select':
$query .= (string) $this->select;
$query .= (string) $this->from;
if ($this->join)
{
// special case for joins
foreach ($this->join as $join)
{
$query .= (string) $join;
}
}
if ($this->where)
{
$query .= (string) $this->where;
}
if ($this->group)
{
$query .= (string) $this->group;
}
if ($this->having)
{
$query .= (string) $this->having;
}
if ($this->order)
{
$query .= (string) $this->order;
}
break;
case 'union':
$query .= (string) $this->union;
break;
case 'delete':
$query .= (string) $this->delete;
$query .= (string) $this->from;
if ($this->join)
{
// special case for joins
foreach ($this->join as $join)
{
$query .= (string) $join;
}
}
if ($this->where)
{
$query .= (string) $this->where;
}
break;
case 'update':
$query .= (string) $this->update;
if ($this->join)
{
// special case for joins
foreach ($this->join as $join)
{
$query .= (string) $join;
}
}
$query .= (string) $this->set;
if ($this->where)
{
$query .= (string) $this->where;
}
break;
case 'insert':
$query .= (string) $this->insert;
// Set method
if ($this->set)
{
$query .= (string) $this->set;
}
// Columns-Values method
elseif ($this->values)
{
if ($this->columns)
{
$query .= (string) $this->columns;
}
$query .= ' VALUES ';
$query .= (string) $this->values;
}
break;
}
return $query;
}
/**
* Magic function to get protected variable value
*
* @param string $name The name of the variable.
*
* @return mixed
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function __get($name)
{
return isset($this->$name) ? $this->$name : null;
}
/**
* Casts a value to a char.
*
* Ensure that the value is properly quoted before passing to the method.
*
* Usage:
* $query->select($query->castAsChar('a'));
*
* @param string $value The value to cast as a char.
*
* @return string Returns the cast value.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function castAsChar($value)
{
return $value;
}
/**
* Gets the number of characters in a string.
*
* Note, use 'length' to find the number of bytes in a string.
*
* Usage:
* $query->select($query->charLength('a'));
*
* @param string $field A value.
*
* @return string The required char length call.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function charLength($field)
{
return 'CHAR_LENGTH(' . $field . ')';
}
/**
* Clear data from the query or a specific clause of the query.
*
* @param string $clause Optionally, the name of the clause to clear, or nothing to clear the whole query.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function clear($clause = null)
{
switch ($clause)
{
case 'select':
$this->select = null;
$this->type = null;
break;
case 'delete':
$this->delete = null;
$this->type = null;
break;
case 'update':
$this->update = null;
$this->type = null;
break;
case 'insert':
$this->insert = null;
$this->type = null;
$this->autoIncrementField = null;
break;
case 'from':
$this->from = null;
break;
case 'join':
$this->join = null;
break;
case 'set':
$this->set = null;
break;
case 'where':
$this->where = null;
break;
case 'group':
$this->group = null;
break;
case 'having':
$this->having = null;
break;
case 'order':
$this->order = null;
break;
case 'columns':
$this->columns = null;
break;
case 'values':
$this->values = null;
break;
default:
$this->type = null;
$this->select = null;
$this->delete = null;
$this->update = null;
$this->insert = null;
$this->from = null;
$this->join = null;
$this->set = null;
$this->where = null;
$this->group = null;
$this->having = null;
$this->order = null;
$this->columns = null;
$this->values = null;
$this->autoIncrementField = null;
break;
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Adds a column, or array of column names that would be used for an INSERT INTO statement.
*
* @param mixed $columns A column name, or array of column names.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function columns($columns)
{
if (is_null($this->columns))
{
$this->columns = new JDatabaseQueryElement('()', $columns);
}
else
{
$this->columns->append($columns);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Concatenates an array of column names or values.
*
* Usage:
* $query->select($query->concatenate(array('a', 'b')));
*
* @param array $values An array of values to concatenate.
* @param string $separator As separator to place between each value.
*
* @return string The concatenated values.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function concatenate($values, $separator = null)
{
if ($separator)
{
return 'CONCATENATE(' . implode(' || ' . $this->quote($separator) . ' || ', $values) . ')';
}
else
{
return 'CONCATENATE(' . implode(' || ', $values) . ')';
}
}
/**
* Gets the current date and time.
*
* Usage:
* $query->where('published_up < '.$query->currentTimestamp());
*
* @return string
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function currentTimestamp()
{
return 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()';
}
/**
* Returns a PHP date() function compliant date format for the database driver.
*
* This method is provided for use where the query object is passed to a function for modification.
* If you have direct access to the database object, it is recommended you use the getDateFormat method directly.
*
* @return string The format string.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function dateFormat()
{
if (!($this->db instanceof JDatabase))
{
throw new JDatabaseException('JLIB_DATABASE_ERROR_INVALID_DB_OBJECT');
}
return $this->db->getDateFormat();
}
/**
* Creates a formatted dump of the query for debugging purposes.
*
* Usage:
* echo $query->dump();
*
* @return string
*
* @since 11.3
*/
public function dump()
{
return '<pre class="jdatabasequery">' . str_replace('#__', $this->db->getPrefix(), $this) . '</pre>';
}
/**
* Add a table name to the DELETE clause of the query.
*
* Note that you must not mix insert, update, delete and select method calls when building a query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->delete('#__a')->where('id = 1');
*
* @param string $table The name of the table to delete from.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function delete($table = null)
{
$this->type = 'delete';
$this->delete = new JDatabaseQueryElement('DELETE', null);
if (!empty($table))
{
$this->from($table);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Method to escape a string for usage in an SQL statement.
*
* This method is provided for use where the query object is passed to a function for modification.
* If you have direct access to the database object, it is recommended you use the escape method directly.
*
* Note that 'e' is an alias for this method as it is in JDatabase.
*
* @param string $text The string to be escaped.
* @param boolean $extra Optional parameter to provide extra escaping.
*
* @return string The escaped string.
*
* @since 11.1
* @throws DatabaseError if the internal db property is not a valid object.
*/
public function escape($text, $extra = false)
{
if (!($this->db instanceof JDatabase))
{
throw new JDatabaseException('JLIB_DATABASE_ERROR_INVALID_DB_OBJECT');
}
return $this->db->escape($text, $extra);
}
/**
* Add a table to the FROM clause of the query.
*
* Note that while an array of tables can be provided, it is recommended you use explicit joins.
*
* Usage:
* $query->select('*')->from('#__a');
*
* @param mixed $tables A string or array of table names.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function from($tables)
{
if (is_null($this->from))
{
$this->from = new JDatabaseQueryElement('FROM', $tables);
}
else
{
$this->from->append($tables);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a grouping column to the GROUP clause of the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->group('id');
*
* @param mixed $columns A string or array of ordering columns.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function group($columns)
{
if (is_null($this->group))
{
$this->group = new JDatabaseQueryElement('GROUP BY', $columns);
}
else
{
$this->group->append($columns);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* A conditions to the HAVING clause of the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->group('id')->having('COUNT(id) > 5');
*
* @param mixed $conditions A string or array of columns.
* @param string $glue The glue by which to join the conditions. Defaults to AND.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function having($conditions, $glue = 'AND')
{
if (is_null($this->having))
{
$glue = strtoupper($glue);
$this->having = new JDatabaseQueryElement('HAVING', $conditions, " $glue ");
}
else
{
$this->having->append($conditions);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add an INNER JOIN clause to the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->innerJoin('b ON b.id = a.id')->innerJoin('c ON c.id = b.id');
*
* @param string $condition The join condition.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function innerJoin($condition)
{
$this->join('INNER', $condition);
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a table name to the INSERT clause of the query.
*
* Note that you must not mix insert, update, delete and select method calls when building a query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->insert('#__a')->set('id = 1');
* $query->insert('#__a)->columns('id, title')->values('1,2')->values->('3,4');
* $query->insert('#__a)->columns('id, title')->values(array('1,2', '3,4'));
*
* @param mixed $table The name of the table to insert data into.
* @param boolean $incrementField The name of the field to auto increment.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function insert($table, $incrementField=false)
{
$this->type = 'insert';
$this->insert = new JDatabaseQueryElement('INSERT INTO', $table);
$this->autoIncrementField = $incrementField;
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a JOIN clause to the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->join('INNER', 'b ON b.id = a.id);
*
* @param string $type The type of join. This string is prepended to the JOIN keyword.
* @param string $conditions A string or array of conditions.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function join($type, $conditions)
{
if (is_null($this->join))
{
$this->join = array();
}
$this->join[] = new JDatabaseQueryElement(strtoupper($type) . ' JOIN', $conditions);
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a LEFT JOIN clause to the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->leftJoin('b ON b.id = a.id')->leftJoin('c ON c.id = b.id');
*
* @param string $condition The join condition.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function leftJoin($condition)
{
$this->join('LEFT', $condition);
return $this;
}
/**
* Get the length of a string in bytes.
*
* Note, use 'charLength' to find the number of characters in a string.
*
* Usage:
* query->where($query->length('a').' > 3');
*
* @param string $value The string to measure.
*
* @return int
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function length($value)
{
return 'LENGTH(' . $value . ')';
}
/**
* Get the null or zero representation of a timestamp for the database driver.
*
* This method is provided for use where the query object is passed to a function for modification.
* If you have direct access to the database object, it is recommended you use the nullDate method directly.
*
* Usage:
* $query->where('modified_date <> '.$query->nullDate());
*
* @param boolean $quoted Optionally wraps the null date in database quotes (true by default).
*
* @return string Null or zero representation of a timestamp.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function nullDate($quoted = true)
{
if (!($this->db instanceof JDatabase))
{
throw new JDatabaseException('JLIB_DATABASE_ERROR_INVALID_DB_OBJECT');
}
$result = $this->db->getNullDate($quoted);
if ($quoted)
{
return $this->db->quote($result);
}
return $result;
}
/**
* Add a ordering column to the ORDER clause of the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->order('foo')->order('bar');
* $query->order(array('foo','bar'));
*
* @param mixed $columns A string or array of ordering columns.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function order($columns)
{
if (is_null($this->order))
{
$this->order = new JDatabaseQueryElement('ORDER BY', $columns);
}
else
{
$this->order->append($columns);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add an OUTER JOIN clause to the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->outerJoin('b ON b.id = a.id')->outerJoin('c ON c.id = b.id');
*
* @param string $condition The join condition.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function outerJoin($condition)
{
$this->join('OUTER', $condition);
return $this;
}
/**
* Method to quote and optionally escape a string to database requirements for insertion into the database.
*
* This method is provided for use where the query object is passed to a function for modification.
* If you have direct access to the database object, it is recommended you use the quote method directly.
*
* Note that 'q' is an alias for this method as it is in JDatabase.
*
* Usage:
* $query->quote('fulltext');
* $query->q('fulltext');
*
* @param string $text The string to quote.
* @param boolean $escape True to escape the string, false to leave it unchanged.
*
* @return string The quoted input string.
*
* @since 11.1
* @throws DatabaseError if the internal db property is not a valid object.
*/
public function quote($text, $escape = true)
{
if (!($this->db instanceof JDatabase))
{
throw new JDatabaseException('JLIB_DATABASE_ERROR_INVALID_DB_OBJECT');
}
return $this->db->quote(($escape ? $this->db->escape($text) : $text));
}
/**
* Wrap an SQL statement identifier name such as column, table or database names in quotes to prevent injection
* risks and reserved word conflicts.
*
* This method is provided for use where the query object is passed to a function for modification.
* If you have direct access to the database object, it is recommended you use the quoteName method directly.
*
* Note that 'qn' is an alias for this method as it is in JDatabase.
*
* Usage:
* $query->quoteName('#__a');
* $query->qn('#__a');
*
* @param string $name The identifier name to wrap in quotes.
*
* @return string The quote wrapped name.
*
* @since 11.1
* @throws DatabaseError if the internal db property is not a valid object.
*/
public function quoteName($name)
{
if (!($this->db instanceof JDatabase))
{
throw new JDatabaseException('JLIB_DATABASE_ERROR_INVALID_DB_OBJECT');
}
return $this->db->quoteName($name);
}
/**
* Add a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->rightJoin('b ON b.id = a.id')->rightJoin('c ON c.id = b.id');
*
* @param string $condition The join condition.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function rightJoin($condition)
{
$this->join('RIGHT', $condition);
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a single column, or array of columns to the SELECT clause of the query.
*
* Note that you must not mix insert, update, delete and select method calls when building a query.
* The select method can, however, be called multiple times in the same query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->select('a.*')->select('b.id');
* $query->select(array('a.*', 'b.id'));
*
* @param mixed $columns A string or an array of field names.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function select($columns)
{
$this->type = 'select';
if (is_null($this->select))
{
$this->select = new JDatabaseQueryElement('SELECT', $columns);
}
else
{
$this->select->append($columns);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a single condition string, or an array of strings to the SET clause of the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->set('a = 1')->set('b = 2');
* $query->set(array('a = 1', 'b = 2');
*
* @param mixed $conditions A string or array of string conditions.
* @param string $glue The glue by which to join the condition strings. Defaults to ,.
* Note that the glue is set on first use and cannot be changed.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function set($conditions, $glue = ',')
{
if (is_null($this->set))
{
$glue = strtoupper($glue);
$this->set = new JDatabaseQueryElement('SET', $conditions, "\n\t$glue ");
}
else
{
$this->set->append($conditions);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a table name to the UPDATE clause of the query.
*
* Note that you must not mix insert, update, delete and select method calls when building a query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->update('#__foo')->set(...);
*
* @param string $table A table to update.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function update($table)
{
$this->type = 'update';
$this->update = new JDatabaseQueryElement('UPDATE', $table);
return $this;
}
/**
* Adds a tuple, or array of tuples that would be used as values for an INSERT INTO statement.
*
* Usage:
* $query->values('1,2,3')->values('4,5,6');
* $query->values(array('1,2,3', '4,5,6'));
*
* @param string $values A single tuple, or array of tuples.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function values($values)
{
if (is_null($this->values))
{
$this->values = new JDatabaseQueryElement('()', $values, '),(');
}
else
{
$this->values->append($values);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a single condition, or an array of conditions to the WHERE clause of the query.
*
* Usage:
* $query->where('a = 1')->where('b = 2');
* $query->where(array('a = 1', 'b = 2'));
*
* @param mixed $conditions A string or array of where conditions.
* @param string $glue The glue by which to join the conditions. Defaults to AND.
* Note that the glue is set on first use and cannot be changed.
*
* @return JDatabaseQuery Returns this object to allow chaining.
*
* @since 11.1
*/
public function where($conditions, $glue = 'AND')
{
if (is_null($this->where))
{
$glue = strtoupper($glue);
$this->where = new JDatabaseQueryElement('WHERE', $conditions, " $glue ");
}
else
{
$this->where->append($conditions);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Method to provide deep copy support to nested objects and
* arrays when cloning.
*
* @return void
*
* @since 11.3
*/
public function __clone()
{
foreach ($this as $k => $v)
{
if ($k === 'db')
{
continue;
}
if (is_object($v) || is_array($v))
{
$this->$k = unserialize(serialize($v));
}
}
}
/**
* Add a query to UNION with the current query.
* Multiple unions each require separate statements and create an array of unions.
*
* Usage:
* $query->union('SELECT name FROM #__foo')
* $query->union('SELECT name FROM #__foo','distinct')
* $query->union(array('SELECT name FROM #__foo','SELECT name FROM #__bar'))
*
* @param mixed $query The JDatabaseQuery object or string to union.
* @param boolean $distinct True to only return distinct rows from the union.
* @param string $glue The glue by which to join the conditions.
*
* @return mixed The JDatabaseQuery object on success or boolean false on failure.
*
* @since 12.1
*/
public function union($query, $distinct = false, $glue = '')
{
// Clear any ORDER BY clause in UNION query
// See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/union.html
if (!is_null($this->order))
{
$this->clear('order');
}
// Set up the DISTINCT flag, the name with parentheses, and the glue.
if ($distinct)
{
$name = 'UNION DISTINCT ()';
$glue = ')' . PHP_EOL . 'UNION DISTINCT (';
}
else
{
$glue = ')' . PHP_EOL . 'UNION (';
$name = 'UNION ()';
}
// Get the JDatabaseQueryElement if it does not exist
if (is_null($this->union))
{
$this->union = new JDatabaseQueryElement($name, $query, "$glue");
}
// Otherwise append the second UNION.
else
{
$glue = '';
$this->union->append($query);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Add a query to UNION DISTINCT with the current query. Simply a proxy to Union with the Distinct clause.
*
* Usage:
* $query->unionDistinct('SELECT name FROM #__foo')
*
* @param mixed $query The JDatabaseQuery object or string to union.
* @param string $glue The glue by which to join the conditions.
*
* @return mixed The JDatabaseQuery object on success or boolean false on failure.
*
* @since 12.1
*/
public function unionDistinct($query, $glue = '')
{
$distinct = true;
// Apply the distinct flag to the union.
return $this->union($query, $distinct, $glue);
}
}